Charisma
Charisma is stated to be a compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others. While art of dab or ability to converse with masses is a necessary precondition but that itself is not sufficient to be a complete showman. Narendra Modi proved himself in 2014 to be a showman and he continued to do so in successive elections as well as in his public meetings over and over again, in last about 5 years. But Modi is not the first political showman, nor would be last. There were other politicians who had that ability to transform themselves and galvanise the masses but not all had ability to maintain their charisma for all time or for all the people. But is Modi a charismatic leader?
According to some experts the charisma also includes values-based, symbolic, and emotion-laden signalling leadership.
Kaiser-e-Hind
Mohandas Gandhi was born in a Hindu family on 2nd October 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat, India. Gandhi had a undisputed charisma which even British feared. So much so that while smaller leaders were sent for transportation for life in Andaman-Nicobar islands, Gandhi even when imprisoned, was never even sent to even south India for imprisonment. Let's briefly review the making of this charisma.
Gandhi went on to become a barrister and started practising in South Africa. He arrived in Africa in 1893. Gandhi experienced the apartheid first hand when he was thrown out of first class train apartment at Pretoria inspite of holding a confirmed ticket, only to accommodate a white man. Gandhi when asked to vacate, refused to comply and a White police officer pushed him out of the train, while tossing his luggage out on to the platform.
The personal experience made Gandhi to resolve to fight the unjust racist regime. In next few years, Gandhi raised one issue after another by way of meetings and representations to the British regime. There were some successes and some failures but the leadership of Gandhi was firmly established. His call for ahimsa or non-violence while making protest evoked an interest from all sections especially the leaders of India. Some called Gandhi as Mahatma or the 'Great Soul'. It was the beginning of a value based charisma. More was to to follow.
In 1899 a war broke out between British and two native South African Tribal Republics. There names were irrelevant as they ultimately lost to British and their republics were subsumed in British Colony. Gandhi supported British in this war and advised the Indian community to support the British cause, on the ground that since they claimed their rights as British subjects, it was their duty to defend the Empire when it was threatened. He organised and, with the help of a Dr. Booth, trained an Indian Ambulance Corps of 1,100 volunteers and offered its services to the Government. After the war, Gandhi held Satyagraha on several occasions and suffered imprisonment on at least three occasions. The new form of protest which Gandhi called Satyagraha or "Request for Truth" was a protest in which campaigners went on peaceful marches and presented themselves for arrest in protest against unjust laws. The Satyagraha attracted immense interest of the Press, much to the annoyance of British.
In July 1914, Gandhi sailed with his wife for England. Before sailing, he sent a pair of sandals he had made in prison to General Smuts (Colonial Secretary) as a gift. Recalling the gift twenty-five years later, the General wrote:
"I have worn these sandals for many a summer since then even though I may feel that I am not worthy to stand in the shoes of so great a man."
Gandhi was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind in 1915 by the Lord Harding of Penshurst (Viceroy of India) for his contribution to ambulance services in South Africa. Kaiser-i-Hind was awarded to civilians of any nationality for distinguished service in the advancement of the interests of the British Raj.
World War I began as an old-fashioned territorial dispute. With the entry of the United States in April 1917, the war took on a new ideological dimension. The United States had been founded as a republic, and the democratic principle…..., this triumphant ideology of an expansionist democratic republicanism had found its very personification in then U.S. President Professor Woodrow Wilson. Under Wilson's administration, the European war became an ideological mission—to make the world safe for democracy and free of dynastic rulers.liISBN-0765800888: Democracy, The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, (2001) Transaction Publishers. It is always wondered why President Wilson was not approached by Gandhi for a helping hand to form a republic of India? After all he was writing letters to leaders all over world.
In 1918, during the World War I, the ViceroyliiFrederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE, PC (12 August 1868 – 1 April 1933) was a British statesman who served as Governor of Queensland from 1905 to 1909, Governor of New South Wales from 1909 to 1913, and Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. invited Gandhi for his help in war efforts. The Gandhi consented to make efforts to make recruitment of soldiers for war. He resonated:
"A nation that is unfit to fight cannot from experience prove the virtue of not fighting. I do not infer from this that India must fight, but I do say that India must know how to fight." liiiSee Day to Day with Gandhi, Vol. 1, archived at https://archive.org/stream/daytodaywithgand01desa/daytodaywithgand01desa_djvu.txt
According to Gandhi 'the spirit of chivalry in him got the better of the spirit of justice' during the meeting with Viceroy. This last act of Gandhi, in stark contrast to his stand on ahimsa or non-violence, remains a matter of discussion and debate till date. Many accuse him of hypocrisy, especially when he denied this right to use violence to freedom fighters. It appears that even small sins of charismatic leaders are ignored by the masses. This apparent hypocrisy on the violence did not diminish the charisma of Gandhi.
Gandhi returned the title of Kaiser-e-Hind, in 1920 as part of the national campaign protesting the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and in support of the Khilafat Movement. However nothing deterred him to support the British again in Second World War, of course in anticipation that the allied forces would ensure freedom of India after the war.livSee Letter of Mahatma to President of USA and his reply here https://dmetrinevels.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/8/6/54868913/gandhis_wwii_letter.pdf
He started to undertake a tour of India around this time. Congress workers too followed him, visiting town to town and village to village, meeting people and explaining to them the evils of foreign rule. The massive illiteracy and poverty of people shook Gandhi as much as his words shook the people who so far had only their luck to curse. Now they knew that their poverty was the evil effect of British Raj.
Mahatma
Mahatma Gandhi, the father-figure of sovereign India, is renowned worldwide as the pioneering architect of nonviolent resistance. His role in the freedom struggle of India, applying militant nonviolence in combating the British imperialist forces, has been recorded in the history of the civilisation as a canonical achievement.
He revolutionised common jargons ranging from 'truth' to 'industrialisation' into multilayered universal and philosophical constructs. Gandhi's pacifism was equally prolific in speeches and writings, which culminated in efforts of reform throughout his life. Gandhi was claimed to be a visionary whose creative breakthroughs influenced societies throughout the world.lvSee https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375038-9.00109-6
Gandhi was now travelling around India to meet the people, to feel pulse of nation and to kindle the spirit of freedom in lower strata of society which, hitherto before was unconnected with the matters of governance. Freedom and change of the system of governance was a matter of issue for middle class and not for the masses. In 1917 he was invited to Champaran, Bihar where the farmers were forced to grow Indigo or Opium. His satyagraha was successful but only after his arrest and unwilling release by court.lviSee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha The role of Gandhi, in connecting the Congress Party with the masses has been appreciated by Nehru in these words:
"[Congress]…..started in a small way with a gallant band of pioneers, but even then it represented a historic force and it drew to itself the goodwill of the Indian people. From year to year it grew, faced inner conflicts whenever it wanted to advance and was held back by some of its members. But the urge to go ahead was too great, the push from below increased, and though a few left us, unable to adjust themselves to changing conditions, vast numbers of others joined the Congress. It became a great propaganda machine dominating the public platform of India. But it was an amorphous mass and its organisational side was weak, and effective action on a large scale was beyond its powers. The coming of Gandhiji brought the peasant masses to the Congress….."lviiJawaharlal Nehru in his Presidential Address at the AICC Session, Faizpur, December 27, 1936.
Notice the words in bold. Is this not what BJP under Modi and Shah is called? Deja Vu?
Gandhi was determined to live his life as an ascetic, but, as the poet Sarojini Naidu joked, it cost the nation a fortune to keep Gandhi living in poverty. His entire philosophy privileged the village way over that of the city, yet he was always financially dependent on the support of industrial billionaires like Birla. His hunger strikes could stop riots and massacres, but he also once went on a hunger strike to force one of his capitalist patrons' employees to break their strike against the harsh conditions of employment.lviiiSee http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1653029,00.html
Gandhi on the mission to meet people around the country, especially in villages and small towns, used to wear his Gujrati attire of Kurta, Dhoti and Turban. It did not make it easy for him to connect with the poor people who were often not even fully clothed.
On 22nd September 1921, Gandhi made a momentous decision to change his attire. From the elaborate Gujarati attire, he decided to switch to simple dhoti and shawl. This epoch-making decision was taken by Gandhi in Madurai after he realized that poor can not identify with him if he wears different clothes. He stuck to this dress code even on his trips abroad and until his very last moment! And he never regretted his decision as he wrote:
"All the alterations I have made in my course of life have been effected by momentous occasions; and they have been made after such a deep deliberation that I have hardly had to regret them. And I did them, as I could not help doing them. Such a radical alteration — in my dress, — I effected in Madurai."lixSee Press Information Bureau of Govt. of India http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=149833
A statute of Gandhi is put up in Madurai to record this change in attire. This small change made the Charisma of Gandhi complete by adding the component of symbolism and emotionalism. Gandhi was now complete to take upon the world and in the years to come, he proved to be the most powerful yet least dressed leader in the world.
The decision of Gandhi was also a correct one from the point of view of what we today call "image strategy". The printing press was invented in 1440 and printing technology had come a long way in 1930s. Printing was no more restricted to text and offset printing invented in 1875 had become popular in Europe, in printing newspaper with vivid images.
The pictures of Dada Bhai Narouji, Gopal Krishan Gokhle or Motilal Nehru, as well dressed and well fed Indians were insufficient to evoke any sympathy of European people. With thin Gandhi scantily dressed like his poor countrymen it's splash on front page of newspapers was etched on the heart of every reader of newspapers across the world. The sympathy wave in the Parliament of Britain, was also no less. Gandhi could no longer be ignored by the British Government in India.
Masses would come out of nowhere to meet and greet the Mahatma. His following was immense or unparallel and that too at a time when, in India there was no TV or any form of convenient communication except that of mouth to ear and a few newspapers.
Do believe the history, to conclude that merely changing or wearing some given set of clothes do not make charismatic leaders. If it was so, K.K. Krishna Menon would have been one as he too shed western dress in support of call for Home Rule Movement made by Dr. Annie Besant in 1917 in Madras.lxSee Press Information Bureau of Govt. of India http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=148895 Similarly Motilal Nehrulxi6th May, 1861 - 6th February, 1931. who played a prominent role in the non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, brought a radical change in his lifestyle and he totally gave up the western way of living and started wearing simple khadi clothes which had become the symbol of Gandhian nationalism in IndialxiiSee http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=88008 . He went on to become President of Congress Party on several occasion but can not be called a leader with charisma to attract masses like Gandhi did.
What Gandhi had, is called 'trust' of people. It was this trust which Gandhi himself felt betrayed by partitionlxiiiMathai, assistant of Nehru, writes about the massacre at the time of Partition:"The saddest experience of my life was visits with Nehru to the undivided Punjab. We had to wade through the debris of destroyed houses and dead bodies of innocent people in Multan, Lahore and Amritsar. We witnessed the largest migration in history involving eighteen million people both ways. Some years later a friend asked me who were more cruel, Muslims or Sikhs? I replied, "Half a dozen of the one were equal to six of the other."Perhaps the Sikhs were one up and the Hindus didn't lag very much behind." of India in 1947 and due to which he took no part in celebrations for independence and thereafter spent time in near seclusion till his assassination in 1948.
Does Modi has that kind of trust of people? The result of 2019 hinges upon that kind of trust.
Socialist Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru was son of Motilal Nehru, a renowned lawyer of his times and later President of Congress Party. Jawaharlal was brought up in the luxurious household at Allahabad. As per reportslxivSee https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/zara-hatke/unknown-facts-of-jawarlal-nehru-1774847 , Nehru's clothes were sent to England for dry cleaning. He was gifted with an imported car by his father which was the first private car in Prayagraj (then called Allahabad).
Jawaharlal entered the politics in 1912 by joining the annual session of Congress for first time in Bankipur, Bihar in December 1912. The Home Rule Movement elected Nehru as it's Secretary in 1917 and he was also elected as member of All India Congress Committee in the same year and thus he had become full fledged politician by now.
Jawaharlal too started to adorn Khadi from 1921 when his father gave up western clothes. Young Jawaharlal now wore a khadi kurta and a Gandhi cap, all white - the new uniform of the Indian nationalist.lxvSee http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=44825 Later he started to wear a half sleeve waist coat which came to be known as Nehru jacket.
Nehru was first arrested by the British during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), but released after a few months. At the end of January 1923, he was released and it was a different life. Only four years had passed since Gandhi had unfurled the banner of satyagraha.
But in Nehru's life this was a crucial period, a phase of mental and emotional growth. He came under the influence of the Mahatma, a relationship which profoundly shaped the man and a statesman. He had also discovered the peasantry. He had overcome his aversion to public speaking. And he had tasted the bitter fruit of prison life. No longer was he the dilettante. His future was now clearly charted, a life of politics in the quest for national freedom.lxviNehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher at page 46; (1959) Oxford University Press, Ltd., London.
There after Nehru was arrested on a number of occasions but was never convicted for treasonlxviiConvictions were always for causing mischief, disorderly conduct etc. punishable by imprisonment. Do look up about conviction in Nabha in 1923, when Nehru had to actually suffer some under trial imprisonment with 'common' people and he caught Typhoid. After conviction, the sentence was suspended and he was released but it took months for him to recover. as British did with other protestors.lxviiiThe other freedom fighters were tried and convicted for treason (u/s 53-A of IPC) and were transported for life to Nicobar island where the prison conditions were so harsh that many committed suicide. The Nehru was imprisoned for 8 times between 1922 to 1945 and the cumulative period of imprisonment of Nehru was 3262 days or about 10 years.lxixISBN: 978-93-84067-88-5: An Era of Darkness by Shashi Tharoor, at page 273, (2016) Aleph Book Company, New Delhi.
Jawaharlal was elected President of the Allahabad Municipal Corporation in 1924, and served for two years as the city's chief executive. He used his tenure to expand public education, health care and sanitation. According to Nehru's biographer his tenure as President of Municipal Corporation was challenging and he dealt with it in following manner:
"...He worked hard and was attracted to the challenge of local reform. Being a perfectionist by nature, he concentrated authority in his own hands, as he was to do in the Congress secretariat and in the Government of India after 1947. Memoranda flowed from his pen on issues great and small education, sanitation, prostitution, the removing of billboards which disfigured the city, and the like."lxxNehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher at page 51 (1959) Oxford University Press, Ltd., London.
From 1926 to 1928, Jawaharlal served as the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee, an important step in his rise to Congress national leadership. In 1928 Motilal Nehru wrote a letter to Gandhi recommending that young "Jawahar type" people should lead the peoplelxxiSee https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Motilal-pushed-for-son-Jawahar-as-Congress-chief-in-letter-to-Bapu/articleshow/45141519.cms?from=mdr . As a result Jawahar was elected president in 1929.
Nehru was sworn as president of Executive Council of Viceroy of India on 1946.lxxiiSee page xi and page 80 to 84 of Partition of India: Legend of Reality by H.M. Seervai (1994). It was only on 15 August 1947, he was sworn in as Prime Minister of India.
To mark the occasion Nehru also decided to change his wardrobe permanently. He selected Achkan, a knee-length coat with a stand-up collar, which he wore with a rose in its buttonhole and churidar underneath. He preferred only black, white, cream and gray colours.lxxiiiSee https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/03/03/nehrus-tailor-on-dressing-a-prime-minister/ Incidently, across the newly created border, in Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Jinnah also chose the same Achkan but with Shalwar underneath. A coincidence?
The first Mughal emperor not only composed a poem on gul, (Persian for rose), but also made sure the word was part of his daughters' names. The first prime minister India democratically spared his family but he did tuck the flower into the third button of his Achkan/Sherwani.lxxivSee https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/other/nehru%E2%80%99s-india/ar-AAZIP4
According to a view, Nehru was favoured with a strikingly handsome appearance, both by Indian and Western standards. The western media adored him. His western biographer wrote:
"….Pictures of him at the age of twenty or sixty reveal the slim, chiselled features which stamp the Kashmiri Brahmin. The later ones reveal much more expressive eyes, sometimes pensive or sharp with irritation or gay at other times, intent and alight with resolve; and self-satisfied and, the high, full temples suggestive of two of Nehru's outstanding qualities – Stubbornness and intellectual curiosity; the wide mouth and sensuous lips which pout shamelessly during moments of ill-temper; the soft-moulded chin; and the long, delicate fingers. His smile is captivating, at times disarming. His face is oval-shaped and his profile classic greek, making Nehru one of the most photogenic statesmen of the century. He exudes the magnetic charm which has swiftly won individuals and crowds alike. Although he lacks his straight the emphasis of height – he is about 5 ft. 8 in – back and good posture express the vigour and youthfulness for which he was justly famous. With years the lines of age have begun to score his face. Nevertheless, he remains an unusually attractive man..."lxxvNehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher Page 1-2, (1959) Oxford University Press, Ltd., London.
Does entry of Nehru's great grand daughter Priyanka, is a reiteration of facial features, as a BJP leader called it to be so. But, lateral entry into politics straight to the top is disastrous. Both Indira and Rajiv received violent death which now appears to be a facet of law and order for which they themselves were responsible or were too naive to notice or improve. It is sad understanding of people who vote to office, candidates with no experience of hardships of life, what to speak of hardship of earning a living. More so if they do it merely on the basis of looks, as biographer of Nehru may have believed.
Nehru mandated all cinema halls to show an official documentary produced by the Films Division before the main film. Audiences got used to watching the charismatic Nehru on the screen.lxxviSee An article by Inder Malhotra in Indian Express http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-nehru-s-oversized-shoes/977954/0 For the audience the experience was "like seeing Nehru, Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Sardar Patel in the flesh".lxxviiSee https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/newsreels-from-india-s-early-years-now-excite-scholars-and-history-buffs/story-Xiro6A4HQpviWwq6hCHC4K.html The use of technology produces good results but it has one flaw. Technology either gets obsolete very quickly or has diminishing returns each time it is used.
Nehru'selection tour in 1951 was a prodigious feat of endurance… He travelled by almost every conceivable means of transport — plane, train, boat, automobile, horse and even on foot… According to one person who accompanied him on his campaign, they covered over 30,000 miles in 43 days. Often Nehru delivered as many as nine speeches a day beside brief roadside talks. Despite this blistering pace, with an average of five hours rest a day, he seemed tireless.lxxviiiSee https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/modis-nehru-moment/article22995526.ece
According to his Secretary Mathai, Nehru travelled 18,348 miles by Air, 5682 miles by Car and 1612 miles by train, 90 miles by boat. Further Nehru made 305 speeches to an estimated total audience of 30 million people apart from those reached by newspapers and radio and spent 46 days in election tour.lxxixReminiscence of Nehru Age: Truth about Jawaharlal Nehru by M.O. Mathai at page 85 (1978) Vikas Publishing House (P) Ltd.
Nehru was a convincing speaker but according to his biographer he was not a natural orator and rose to great heights only on rare occasions, such as on Independence Day and the death of Gandhi. He explained:
"...His voice is soft and relaxed. He does not rouse his listeners by thundering pronouncements. He treats them like a teacher to his pupils, showing them the errors of their ways, pointing out the proper path of conduct, stressing the need for discipline, hard work unity, tolerance and faith, drawing on the inspiration of Gandhi and the freedom struggle, painting a picture of the India of the future, pledging himself to their welfare, calling for rededication to the cause of a good talks to society."lxxxNehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher (1959) Oxford University Press, Ltd., London.
Nehru happened a long time ago and we can only rely what is observed by others. From the above it would appear that Nehru started out as an apprentice of his father and then moved on to Gandhi and where he learned the art of connecting with people. By the time Nehru became Prime Minister, he was famous and adored by masses. His gutsy speeches on taking India forward to great heights and it's people to a better future found immense attraction in the poor illiterate masses. Often he would be emotionally charged as in these words: "The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over."lxxxiSee https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/may/01/greatspeeches This was from his famous 'Tryst with Destiny" Speech.
Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India and later who also became President of Congress Party, explained his socialist inclination in rather these obscure words:
"…...I am afraid Dr Hamid is out of touch with what is happening in the world. There is no country in the world where the free enterprise of his dream exists. It does not exist even in the United States of America which is the high-priest of free enterprise. On the contrary, it becomes less and less significant in spite of the country's policy and its aims. World conditions today create forces which compel a country to progress in a certain direction, whether it wants to or not. There are countries like Soviet Russia and some others which have gone a long way in creating a State which is in complete control of industry. Everything else is also State-controlled. Dr Hamied wants us to choose between Soviet Russia and something which does not exist anywhere in the world. That is a very hard choice indeed and I do not see why I should be forced to make it…."lxxxiiSee Address at the annual meeting of the Indian Chemical Manufacturers' Association, New Delhi, December 26, 1950 (Titled as 'Middle Way' in the 1954 compilation of speeches of Nehru)
Please note that Nehru simply made the economic system of USA, which had emerged as world power after second world war, as non-existent. This logic is beyond comprehension. It is frequently reported that while Nehru was great in eloquence and diplomacy and had a reputation of being a tough negotiator, but he had a handicap in taking hard decisions, for want of clarity of view. To sum up:
"...In retrospect, despite Nehru's love for great principles, his incapacity to take decisions in time, his inability to work with colleagues like Patel, and his friendship with individuals such as the Mounbattens or Abdullah, who had their own interests, blinded him so much that he did not further India's national interests....lxxxiiiSee https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/16spec3.htm
Nehru with his kind words and gestures, was able to connect to people. Those were less violent times. On roads, in public meetings and at all the places, there used to be so little security. People would come and garland him, shake his hand or just for a touch. He would return the favour with a smile of a return gift of garland etc. and connection was established forever.
As discussed in earlier chapter about the style of Modi, as per the view of New York Times, he has surpassed both Gandhi and Nehru in style:
"…..even by the standards of India itself, where leaders have perhaps understood the use of clothing as a communication device better and longer than any of their international peers (see: Mohandas K. Gandhi's adoption of the dhoti, Jawaharlal Nehru's jacket, and Indira and Sonia Gandhi's saris, made from traditional Indian khadi), Mr. Modi stands out. Literally and strategically....lxxxivSee https://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/03/narendra-modi-a-leader-who-is-what-he-wears/
But the question is has Modi repeated the same connect with people like Gandhi or Nehru? If he has not, it is very unlikely for him to repeat the same victory in 2019. As no Prime Minister in India has been re-elected except Nehru in 1955-60 and Monmohan Singh in 2008.
Dr. Manmohan Singh was no Charismatic leader. Far from it he had to learn to speak on television with the practice on teleprompter.lxxxvISBN 978-0670086740, the Accidental Prime Minister by Sanjay Baru. But the win of 2008 was more likely out of lack of charismatic leadership in opposition. AsL.K.Advani, may be a better speaker than Dr. Singh, he was certainly not a charismatic leader like Nehru.
Advani also burned hole in his career by proclaiming that Jinnah was a secular person.lxxxvihttps://www.telegraphindia.com/india/advani-salutes-secular-jinnah/cid/873488 Irony of this lies in the fact that Advani himself was a migrant from Sindh which is now in Pakistan. Bal Thackeray, another politician rightly asked Advani, "If Jinnah was secular, why you came to India?"lxxxviiSee https://haindavakeralam.com/if-jinnah-was-secular-why-did-hk11565
The win of Dr. Singh in 2008 was a product of mixture of several factors but the factor which exceeded everything else was Dreams. Every Government comes to power by selling dreams to people. But the ability of Government of Dr. Singh to sell subtle dreams excelled. He showed dreams of Employment, Loan waiver and further Liberalisation of Economy with even more prosperity. However every politician is not so subtle in selling dreams. Some are crude dream merchants. Let's first meet out master Dream Merchant from India.
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